The export of U.S. chicken paws is a high-value commodity; however, their quality can be affected by foot pad lesions (FPL). FPL in broiler chickens, also known as pododermatitis, is a significant welfare concern and a prevalent issue in broiler production. These lesions are characterized by inflammation, ulceration and necrosis of the paw surface of the foot and can lead to severe discomfort and pain for the affected birds.
The condition not only impacts birds’ welfare but also poses economic challenges for poultry producers due to its association with reduced growth performance, carcass quality and increased susceptibility to other diseases. This article explores the causes, consequences and potential strategies for mitigating foot pad lesions in broiler chickens.
Causes
Foot pad lesions in broiler chickens are multifactorial, with environmental, nutritional and management-related factors playing crucial roles in their development.
One of the primary environmental factors contributing to FPL is litter quality. Wet and compacted litter creates a moist environment that softens the footpad skin and subsequent lesion formation. The type of litter material used, its depth and its management (especially moisture content) are critical in determining litter quality and, consequently, the prevalence of FPL.
Nutrition also significantly influences the incidence of FPL. Diets deficient in essential nutrients such as biotin, zinc and methionine can compromise skin integrity, making the foot pads more susceptible to lesions.
Excess dietary protein or sodium is associated with increased water intake in chickens which increases litter moisture. Similarly, use of feed ingredients high in non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) such as wheat in chicken diets without any NSP degrading enzyme can increase gut viscosity which results in fecal content that can stick to the chicken paw and result in damage to the paw skin.
Another key factor is the overall management of the poultry house. Poor ventilation, leading to high humidity levels, can increase the moisture content and ammonia levels in the litter, further promoting the development of FPL.
Additionally, high stocking densities of broiler chickens can lead to reduced bird activity and movement, which leads to prolonged contact between the foot pads and the litter which can increase the risk of FPL especially if the litter is wet. Stocking density correlates with litter quality and can also affect feather dirtiness.
Concerns
Foot pad lesions have serious welfare implications for broiler chickens. Severe lesions cause pain and discomfort, leading to reduced mobility, decreased feed intake and impaired growth performance. In extreme cases, these lesions can become infected, causing systemic infections and higher mortality rates.
Birds with severe foot pad lesions spend more time lying down, which increases the risk of developing breast blisters. These conditions can result in carcass downgrades or condemnation at slaughter, causing financial losses for producers.
Moreover, FPL can have broader implications for the poultry industry. There is growing consumer awareness and concern regarding animal welfare, and issues such as FPL can damage the industry's reputation and lead to increased scrutiny from regulatory bodies. This has prompted many poultry producers to adopt more stringent welfare standards and practices to address the issue.
Mitigation strategies
Given the significant impact of FPL on broiler chickens, various strategies have been proposed and implemented to mitigate the occurrence and severity of these lesions.
One of the most effective approaches is improving litter management practices such as the application of litter amendments to reduce the pH, pathogens and ammonia. Maintaining dry and friable litter is crucial in preventing the development of FPL. This can be achieved through regular litter turning, ensuring adequate ventilation to reduce moisture buildup, and using absorbent litter materials such as wood shavings or straw.
Additionally, managing the litter depth and ensuring that it is replenished as needed can help maintain its quality throughout the production cycle.
Nutritional interventions also play a key role in preventing FPL. Diets should be formulated to meet the birds' nutritional requirements, with particular attention to nutrients that support skin health, such as biotin, zinc and methionine.
The inclusion of feed additives such as organic acids, probiotics and enzymes help to improve gut health and nutrient absorption, which can indirectly reduce the risk of FPL by promoting overall bird health and reducing the moisture content of excreta.
Another important aspect of FPL prevention is optimizing the management of the poultry house environment. Maintaining proper ventilation to control humidity levels, especially during the winter season and managing stocking densities to prevent overcrowding are all essential in reducing the risk of FPL.
Regular monitoring of bird behavior and foot pad condition can also help identify early signs of FPL and allow for timely intervention.
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in genetic selection as a long-term strategy for reducing FPL in broiler chickens. Selective breeding programs that prioritize traits associated with foot pad health, such as skin integrity and leg strength, have the potential to reduce the prevalence of FPL in commercial flocks. However, this approach requires careful consideration to avoid compromising other important production traits, such as growth rate and feed efficiency.
Conclusion
Foot pad lesions are a significant welfare and economic concern in broiler chicken production. Improving litter management, optimizing nutrition and ensuring proper poultry house management are all critical strategies for reducing the incidence and severity of FPL.
Additionally, ongoing research and genetic selection efforts offer promising avenues for long-term prevention of this condition. By prioritizing the health and welfare of broiler chickens, producers can not only improve the quality of their products but also enhance the sustainability and profitability of their operations.
