Novel ND vaccines permit massive and uniform vaccine administration at the hatchery to induce early and lifelong lasting immunity with minimal additional field interventions have been achieved.
In low ND challenge countries, industrial chickens are often facing the uncontrolled circulation of lentogenic (vaccine) strains, especially in high densely populated poultry areas. As a result, they may show subtle to overt respiratory signs, because of the inflammation of the trachea. It may worsen in case of suboptimal husbandry conditions. As a result, flock uniformity will decrease, and secondary opportunistic respiratory infections may arise with the need to apply antibiotic medication. Ultimately, slaughterhouse condemnations may increase due to excessive airsacculitis.
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