Insects as a source of protein and lipids for animal diets have received considerable attention. A recent report in the Animal Feed Science and Technology journal provides a comprehensive review of the subject.
Feed resources
A 60–70 percent increase in consumption of animal products is expected by 2050. This increase in the consumption will demand enormous resources, with feed being the most challenging because of the limited availability of natural resources, ongoing climatic changes and food–feed–fuel competition. The costs of conventional feed resources such as soymeal and fishmeal are very high, and their availability in the future will be limited.
Insect rearing could be a part of the solution. Although some studies have been conducted on evaluation of insects, insect larvae or insect meals as an ingredient in the diets of some animal species, this field is in infancy. Here we collate, synthesize and discuss the available information on five major insect species studied with respect to evaluation of their products as animal feed.
Insect meals
The nutritional quality of black soldier fly larvae, house fly maggots, mealworm, locusts–grasshoppers–crickets, and silkworm meal and their use as a replacement of soymeal and fishmeal in the diets of poultry, pigs, fish species and ruminants are discussed. The crude protein contents of these alternate resources are high: 42–63 percent. So are the lipid contents (up to 36 percent oil), which could possibly be extracted and used for various applications including biodiesel production.
Unsaturated fatty acid concentrations are high in housefly maggot meal, mealworm and house crickets (60–70 percent), while their concentrations in black soldier fly larvae are lowest (19–37 percent). The studies have confirmed that palatability of these alternate feeds to animals is good and they can replace 25–100 percent of soymeal or fishmeal, depending on the animal species. Except silkworm meal, other insect meals are deficient in methionine and lysine, and their supplementation in the diet can enhance both the performance of the animals and the soymeal and fishmeal replacement rates.
Most insect meals are deficient in calcium, and its supplementation in the diet is also required, especially for growing animals and laying hens. The levels of calcium and fatty acids in insect meals can be enhanced by manipulation of the substrate on which insects are reared. The paper also presents future areas of research. The information synthesized is expected to open new avenues for a large scale use of insect products as animal feed.